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>UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs</TITLE
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><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="TYPECONV-UNION-CASE"
>10.5. <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UNION</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CASE</TT
>, and Related Constructs</A
></H1
><P
>SQL <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UNION</TT
> constructs must match up possibly dissimilar
types to become a single result set.  The resolution algorithm is
applied separately to each output column of a union query.  The
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>INTERSECT</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EXCEPT</TT
> constructs resolve
dissimilar types in the same way as <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UNION</TT
>.  The
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CASE</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ARRAY</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>VALUES</TT
>,
<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>GREATEST</CODE
> and <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>LEAST</CODE
> constructs use the identical
algorithm to match up their component expressions and select a result
data type.</P
><DIV
CLASS="PROCEDURE"
><P
><B
>Type Resolution for <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UNION</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CASE</TT
>,
and Related Constructs</B
></P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
CLASS="STEP"
><P
>If all inputs are of the same type, and it is not <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>unknown</TT
>,
resolve as that type.</P
></LI
><LI
CLASS="STEP"
><P
>If any input is of a domain type, treat it as being of the
domain's base type for all subsequent steps.
  <A
NAME="AEN21295"
HREF="#FTN.AEN21295"
><SPAN
CLASS="footnote"
>[1]</SPAN
></A
></P
></LI
><LI
CLASS="STEP"
><P
>If all inputs are of type <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>unknown</TT
>, resolve as type
<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
> (the preferred type of the string category).
Otherwise, <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>unknown</TT
> inputs are ignored.</P
></LI
><LI
CLASS="STEP"
><P
>If the non-unknown inputs are not all of the same type category, fail.</P
></LI
><LI
CLASS="STEP"
><P
>Choose the first non-unknown input type which is a preferred type in
that category, if there is one.</P
></LI
><LI
CLASS="STEP"
><P
>Otherwise, choose the last non-unknown input type that allows all the
preceding non-unknown inputs to be implicitly converted to it.  (There
always is such a type, since at least the first type in the list must
satisfy this condition.)</P
></LI
><LI
CLASS="STEP"
><P
>Convert all inputs to the selected type.  Fail if there is not a
conversion from a given input to the selected type.</P
></LI
></OL
></DIV
><P
>Some examples follow.</P
><DIV
CLASS="EXAMPLE"
><A
NAME="AEN21312"
></A
><P
><B
>Example 10-9. Type Resolution with Underspecified Types in a Union</B
></P
><P
></P><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT text 'a' AS "text" UNION SELECT 'b';

 text
------
 a
 b
(2 rows)</PRE
><P>
Here, the unknown-type literal <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>'b'</TT
> will be resolved to type <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="EXAMPLE"
><A
NAME="AEN21318"
></A
><P
><B
>Example 10-10. Type Resolution in a Simple Union</B
></P
><P
></P><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT 1.2 AS "numeric" UNION SELECT 1;

 numeric
---------
       1
     1.2
(2 rows)</PRE
><P>
The literal <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>1.2</TT
> is of type <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>numeric</TT
>,
and the <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>integer</TT
> value <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>1</TT
> can be cast implicitly to
<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>numeric</TT
>, so that type is used.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="EXAMPLE"
><A
NAME="AEN21327"
></A
><P
><B
>Example 10-11. Type Resolution in a Transposed Union</B
></P
><P
></P><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>SELECT 1 AS "real" UNION SELECT CAST('2.2' AS REAL);

 real
------
    1
  2.2
(2 rows)</PRE
><P>
Here, since type <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>real</TT
> cannot be implicitly cast to <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>integer</TT
>,
but <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>integer</TT
> can be implicitly cast to <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>real</TT
>, the union
result type is resolved as <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>real</TT
>.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><H3
CLASS="FOOTNOTES"
>Notes</H3
><TABLE
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><TD
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><A
NAME="FTN.AEN21295"
HREF="typeconv-union-case.html#AEN21295"
><SPAN
CLASS="footnote"
>[1]</SPAN
></A
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
WIDTH="95%"
><P
>    Somewhat like the treatment of domain inputs for operators and
    functions, this behavior allows a domain type to be preserved through
    a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UNION</TT
> or similar construct, so long as the user is
    careful to ensure that all inputs are implicitly or explicitly of that
    exact type.  Otherwise the domain's base type will be preferred.
   </P
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